The History Of Photography. William Henry Fox Talbot. Calotype
Talbot, William Henry Fox (1800-1877), English physicist, chemist, inventor of the negative-positive process of photography (calotype from the Greek. Words kalos – beautiful and typos – the imprint), later it was given the name of talbotype.
The idea of the photographic process was born in a scientist in 1833. Talbot tried to copy the views of nature with a pinhole camera. But he did not possess the skills of drawing.
In 1834 Talbot invented a light-sensitive paper. He fixed the received image with the solution of sodium chloride (common salt) or potassium iodide. First photos of Talbot were simple photogram, ie photocopies obtained by contact. Then he “has combined” the camera obscura with a microscope with natural lighting, and received a positive photographic print from a negative.
In 1835, Talbot recorded a sunbeam. It was a snapshot of a lattice window of his home. Talbot used a paper impregnated with silver chloride. Exposure lasted for an hour.
Talbot received the world’s first negative. Attaching a light-sensitive paper prepared by the same method, he first made a positive impression. The way of shooting an inventor named calotype, meaning “beauty.” So he showed the possibility of replicating shots and tied the future of photography with the world of beauty.
The Talbot invention was called photography and the word “negative” and “positive” began to circulate.
In 1840, scientists discovered that when iodized photo paper (paper with a layer of silver nitrate, sustained in a solution of potassium iodide) to sensitize it with the gallic acid, and then to expose in the camera for a short time, then it will be a hidden image which can then display a mixture of gallic acid and nitrate silver. Talbot named his invention calotype.
Calotype of Talbot and Daguerreotype of Daguerre had fundamental differences. In a daguerreotype a positive, the mirroring image on a silver plate appeared at once. This simplifies the process, but it makes impossible to copy. In the first calotype was fabricated negative, from which one could make any number of positive impressions. Therefore calotype is much closer to modern photography, despite the fact that the quality of daguerreotypes was much higher than calotype.
In 1843, the first time to make positive seal with the increase, in the same year he opened a printing plant for the manufacture of printing plates of his book The Pencil of Nature (1844-1846) – the world’s first editions, illustrated with photos. In 1851, Talbot spent the first photo shoot with a very small exposure, and the following year patented a method of photographing with the imposition of the “screen” on a photographic plate, which became the forerunner of the method of obtaining a raster gray-scale image.

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